Brownfield Development

What is a brownfield development?

'Brownfield' land is an area of land or premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated. This term derived from its opposite, undeveloped or 'greenfield' land. Brownfield sites typically require preparatory regenerative work before any new development goes ahead, and can also be partly occupied.


Background

Brownfield land gained political significance after the Government set a national target in February 1998 to ensure 60 per cent of all new developments were built on brownfield land.

In planning terms, local authorities use brownfield development to help regenerate decaying inner urban areas. This approach is deemed preferable to developing on green space and can promote "urban renaissance and improving quality of life" and a "sense of community", according to National Planning Guidance Three. In addition, a more densely populated community shortens distances to travel to work, is a better use of local infrastructure and a generally more sustainable environment.


Controversies

Businesses and developers are often unenthusiastic about developing on brownfield sites because of the expense of clearing contaminated areas and the limitations on building growth.

The planning process is often seen by some as a major stumbling block to increasing brownfield development: obtaining the necessary permissions can be delayed by negotiations over clean-up operations and other concerns.

This can be the case with housing, where brownfield areas may not be suitable for gardens, although they are usually adequate for city apartment developments. Developers are sometimes accused of being more inclined to construct more profitable, larger 'executive' housing in attractive rural settings, rather than redeveloping decaying areas with limited space.

Planning guidance is also sometimes said to be contradictory on flood risks, with Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) Note Three prioritising brownfield development, while PPG25 favours development in low-risk flood areas. This problem is reinforced by evidence suggesting land at risk from flooding will significantly increase by 2050.


Statistics

In 2002, 65,000 hectares of brownfield land were available for redevelopment

Of this, 28,000 hectares (43 per cent) were suitable for housing. This area could accommodate 870,000 new dwellings

40,000 hectares of brownfield land was derelict, vacant or otherwise unused in 2002

Statistics: (Source: National Land Use Database, 2003)


Quotes

"We're using old industrial assets - our canals, mills, factories, warehouses - once left to rot - now brought back to life. Providing new workspaces, new communities, and all on brownfield sites so that we've met our 60 per cent target for all new homes on brownfield land - eight years early."

Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, September 29, 2003